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4K and 8K TV refresh rates from 60hz to 120Hz: Everything you should know

4K and 8K TV refresh rates from 60hz to 120Hz: Everything you should know

Refresh rate is one of the more confusing aspects of TV technology and TV makers don't do much to explain it. In fact, they often obscure it.

Refresh rate is a number that specifies how many times per second the image on your TV changes. With most TVs it's 60, though it's rare you'll ever see a TV with that number listed. Instead, manufacturers use different technologies, such as the soap opera effect and black frame insertion, to claim a higher number. Sometimes those claims are justified, sometimes they aren't. 

Higher refresh rate claims with numbers like 120, 240 and higher are common, but not always accurate. In fact, no matter what number you see listed with a 4K TV, no 4K TV has a native panel refresh rate higher than 120Hz. As we'll explain, though, a number higher than 120Hz doesn't necessarily mean the claim is false.

Here's the basics:

• Refresh rate is the number time times per second (written in hertz, or Hz) a TV refreshes its image.
• Movies are almost always filmed 24 frames per second, or 24Hz. Live TV shows at 30 or 60.
• Most TVs refresh at 60, some midrange and higher-end models at 120. Some older 1080p LCD TVs refreshed at 240Hz.
• One benefit of a higher refresh rate is to reduce the motion blur inherent in all current TV technologies.
• Motion blur is the softening of the image when an object, or the entire screen, is in motion.
• Another benefit is compatibility with 120 frame-per-second signals from PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X and some video cards.
• TV manufacturers use multiple technologies in addition to refresh rate to come up with an "effective refresh rate."
• Effective refresh rate means the TV refreshes its image at a lower rate, but might appear to have similar motion resolution as a TV with an actual higher refresh rate.

What TV makers say

Let me start with the terms you'll see on various TV makers' marketing materials and web sites. Each one calls the TVs motion handling capability something different, and many don't even mention the term "refresh rate" or use "Hz" at all.

LG:  TruMotion

LG's web site lists the panel's native refresh rate up front. On TVs that have a 120Hz refresh rate it simply says "120Hz Native," while with 60Hz models it lists "TruMotion 120 (60Hz Native)." 

Samsung:  Motion Rate

Samsung is better than it used to be about this, albeit not as transparent as LG. The 4K TVs and 8K TVs on its site list a "Motion Rate." This is, generally, twice the native refresh rate. So Motion Rate 240 indicates a native refresh of 120Hz while Motion Rate 120 means a 60Hz refresh. In the least expensive of their TVs, a Motion Rate of 60 means a 60Hz refresh.

Sony: MotionFlow XR

For most of its 2021 TVs Sony doesn't list a number on its website, instead it just says "Motionflow XR." On some, however, it lists a number along with the native refresh: "Motionflow XR 240 (native 60 Hz)" and "Motionflow XR 960 (native 120 Hz)."

Vizio: Refresh Rate

Vizio used to list an "Effective Refresh Rate" on its web site, which was just double the native refresh rate. For 2021, however, none of its TVs use that term as far as we could find, and most don't list any refresh rate spec. The bottom line? All of Vizio's 2021 TVs are 60Hz native, except for the P-Series and the H1 OLED, which are 120Hz native.

TCL:  Clear Motion Index or Natural Motion

TCL's sets are all over the place. Some don't list any motion term -- those are 60Hz native. Some say "120Hz CMI," which stands for Clear Motion Index, but they're actually 60Hz native too. And some say Natural Motion 240, but they're 60Hz as well. The only TCL TVs that are true 120Hz say Natural Motion 480. 

For the most effective increase in motion resolution, and compatibility with next-gen gaming consoles' best video output modes, you need a native 120Hz refresh television. That said, it is possible to have some improvement in motion resolution even with a 60Hz TV if it uses some other feature, like backlight scanning or black frame insertion, that improves motion resolution. 

That's a lot of technical jargon, so let's tackle it from the beginning.

Back up a second: What's refresh rate?

Refresh rate is how often a TV changes the image (also known as a "frame") onscreen. With traditional televisions, this was 60 times each second, or "60Hz."

Some modern TVs can refresh at double this rate, or 120Hz (120 frames per second). We've covered this before, with 1080p HDTVs, and it's the same idea with 4K TVs. Certain parts of the world have TVs that refresh at 50Hz normally, with some TVs that refresh at 100Hz. That just depends on the electricity in your country. 

For the purposes of this article, 50 and 60 work the same, as do 100 and 120. For my own sanity, and ease of reading, I'm going to stick with 60 and 120, but feel free to read that as 50 and 100 if you're in the UK, Australia or any place that has 50Hz electricity. 

So are these higher refresh numbers just another "more is better!" marketing ploy? Not entirely. Higher refresh rates can reduce motion blur in LCDs and OLED TVs. 

What's motion blur? Glad you asked...

Your brain on blur

All LCD and current OLED models suffer from "motion blur." This is where anything in motion, either an object on screen or the entire image (like when the camera pans), blurs and looks softer than if it was stationary.

Motion blur makes images in motion look softer than stationary ones.

Geoffrey Morrison/CNET

Interestingly, this blur is largely created by your brain. Basically, your brain notices the motion, and makes assumptions as to where that object (or overall image) is going to be in the next fraction of a second. The problem with LCD and current OLED TVs is that they hold that image there for the full 60th of a second, so your brain actually smears the motion, thinking it should be moving, when in fact it's just a series of still images.

It's actually quite fascinating, but the details are beyond the scope of this article. I recommend checking out BlurBuster's great article for more info.

The motion blur we're talking about here, despite coming from your brain, is caused by how the television works. This is separate from whatever blur the camera itself creates. 

Some people aren't bothered by motion blur. Some don't even notice it. Others, like me, do notice it and are bothered by it. Fortunately, it can be minimized. 

One sure sign of a native 120Hz TV? The ability to accept a 4K/120Hz input.

David Katzmaier/CNET

Antiblurring technologies beyond refresh rate

Refresh rate itself is really only part of the solution. Just doubling the same frames doesn't actually do much for reducing motion blur. Something else is needed.

There are two main methods. The first is frame interpolation, where the TV itself creates brand-new frames that are sort of hybrids of the frame that came before, and the one that comes after. This can fool your brain enough that it doesn't blur the image. Depending how aggressive the interpolation is, however, it can lead to the soap opera effect, which makes movies look like ultra-smooth reality TV shows. Some viewers like the effect, but it's generally hated by film buffs and others who pay close attention to image quality. 

There are different levels of this processing, where a little might reduce motion blur some, and not cause undue harm to the quality of the image. Or on the other end of the "dial," it's cranked up so that there's even less motion blur, but the movement is hyper-realistic and for many, distractingly unreal. Some TVs let you choose how much of this processing gets applied to the image, others have just a single setting. More on these settings further down.

The other alternative is black frame insertion (BFI) or a scanning backlight. This is where all or part of the backlight of the TV turns off (goes black). This effectively means the image doesn't "hold" in place, so your brain doesn't blur it. Do it poorly, however, and many people will see the image flicker. The light output of the TV also drops, as it's not outputting any light for a period of time. 

Both of these techniques are what manufacturers use to come up with their "effective refresh rate" numbers. For example, a TV with a 60Hz refresh and a scanning backlight might claim to have an effective refresh rate of 120. A TV with a more elaborate BFI mode, and frame interpolation, might have a claimed effective refresh rate of "540." There's no transparency in how companies determine their "effective rate" numbers, but there is at least more consistency than there used to be.

It's also possible these features, when enabled, are bothersome over time. Some people are especially sensitive to a flickering backlight, so you might need to turn these features off. If you're concerned about that, or notice motion blur, it's best to find a TV that actually has a 120Hz refresh rate.

Bottom line (should you care?)

There are two things at play here. The first is simple, and one we've said many times before: don't trust marketing. At least, don't trust it at face value. Marketing is designed to sell you a product, not give you information about a product. That's secondary.

The second is being able to reduce motion blur. When 120Hz 1080p TVs first hit the market, they offered a noticeable improvement in motion resolution. The technology has only gotten better. 

But if you're sensitive to motion blur, or you want to get the most from your Xbox Series X or PlayStation 5, it is worth checking for a true 120Hz TV. It would be a shame to let all that extra 4K resolution go to waste due to blur. It's also worth checking reviews for measurements and subjective takes on how the TV handles motion -- that's more useful than any manufacturer-supplied spec.

Note: This article was originally published in 2015 but has been updated regularly since.  

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Got a question for Geoff? First, check out all the other articles he's written on topics such as why you shouldn't buy expensive HDMI cables, TV resolutions explained, how HDR works and more.

Still have a question? Tweet at him @TechWriterGeoff, then check out his travel adventures as a digital nomad on Instagram and YouTube. He also thinks you should check out his best-selling sci-fi novel about city-sized submarines and its sequel.

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Ninja's Clever Kitchen Appliances Are Up to 25% Off -- Sale Ends Today

Ninja's Clever Kitchen Appliances Are Up to 25% Off -- Sale Ends Today

I've put my hands on a lot of small kitchen appliances over the years. From what I can recall, I've still not had a bad experience with anything from the Ninja line. The innovative kitchen brand churns out powerful blenders, air fryers and toasters. The models I've tested are always sturdily built and feature at least one smart design the other brands haven't thought of. The power toaster and air fryer oven flips upright when it's not in use, for instance, saving loads of space on the counter.

Right now, Ninja Kitchen is offering price drops on some of its bestsellers, including 20% off the dual-basket air fryer and 25% off the power blender, and the food processor is down to $150 when you use the promo codes at checkout. Check out the full spread of discounted appliances at Ninja Kitchen and scoop up some new Ninja kitchen swag while items are on sale today only.

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Apple could signal new coronavirus, chip shortage troubles before iPhone 13 release

Apple could signal new coronavirus, chip shortage troubles before iPhone 13 release

Many people throughout the US opted not to get a life-saving COVID-19 vaccine, despite its widespread availability throughout the spring and summer. Now coronavirus cases and deaths are ticking up across the US as we head into the fall, raising alarms with health officials and, apparently, Apple too.

The tech giant's already told employees it's delaying return-to-office plans until October at the earliest, mirroring moves from 2020 when companies began shifting schedules in response to worsening conditions. Apple was one of the first major companies to warn about disruptions from the coronavirus back in February of last year, a full month before the World Health Organization declared a pandemic and governments around the world started instituting lockdowns. Rumors are already swirling that Apple's next major product announcement will be held virtually as well.

On Tuesday afternoon, it may take another more public step when CEO Tim Cook is inevitably asked questions about the pandemic by Wall Street analysts following the release of the company's fiscal third-quarter results. And more eyes than usual may be on Cook as he speaks.

Apple's fiscal third quarter, which falls in the spring months ended in June, is typically the last earnings release before the company announces its next slate of iPhones. But last year at this time, Cook & Co. warned investors the iPhone would be delayed "a few weeks" from its typical September launch. There's good reason to believe Apple could pull a repeat performance, due to the combination of deepening coronavirus cases around the world and a global semiconductor shortage that major chip buyers and manufacturers warn could delay products for another year or more.

"We have a long way to go yet," Pat Gelsinger, head of chipmaking giant Intel, told the Wall Street Journal last week.

Apple's still expected to report $1 of profit per share, according to analyst surveys published by Yahoo. That would amount to a jump of 50% from the same time a year ago, off nearly $73 billion in revenue.

But larger questions still remain about the coronavirus and the potential disruptions it could cause.

Apple's helped fight coronavirus with new features in its phons, like a list of places to get COVID tests and vaccines.

Apple

While Apple's short-term plans may change due to COVID-19, analysts say they're closely watching its newest iPads, Mac computers and subscription efforts. For years, Apple's fate has been tied to the iPhone, which typically represents about half of the company's annual revenue. But in 2019, Apple started launching new subscription services, including its $5 per month Apple TV Plus for movies and TV, $5 monthly Apple Arcade for games and, last year, Apple Fitness Plus workout classes for $10 per month.

Each has received positive reviews, topped by Apple TV Plus earning 35 Emmy nominations earlier this month, led by its breakout sports comedy Ted Lasso.

Apple's subscriptions have grown to represent almost half of the company's overall services business, adding to its already popular App Store and iTunes music and movie store businesses. "We think services trends could trend more like a recurring revenue stream with less seasonal volatility in the coming years," analysts at Cowen wrote in a report to investors earlier this month.

"We have a long way to go yet."

Pat Gelsinger, CEO Intel

The newest iPads and Mac computers are also garnering positive response. CNET Editor Scott Stein says Apple's home-grown M1 chips are "a leap up" and "dripping with power." And consumers are buying so many of the devices that Apple said it's struggling to keep them in stock.

Apple said it didn't know how long it would struggle to meet demand, but it expects to be "supply-gated, not demand-gated" for the foreseeable future. Loup Ventures analyst Gene Munster said in a blog post that he expects Apple will catch up to demand by the fall, "which leads us to believe the best days are still ahead for Mac and iPad."

Despite the Mac and iPad struggles, the iPhone appears to be humming along. Chatham Road Partners analyst Colin Gillis said in a note to investors that he expects "Phone as Fashion" will push further sales as people "want to show off the latest device" after a year in isolation. Canaccord Genuity analyst T. Michael Walkley, meanwhile, said he believes that 5G wireless is convincing people to open their wallets as well. And Apple's rumored to have already ordered more than 100 million chips for its next-generation iPhone, expected later this year. 

In the meantime, the larger answers about the coronavirus are still unclear. The federal government is continuing to advocate for vaccines, and a potential full FDA authorization for the injections is expected in the coming months. "The vaccine is free, safe and effective," President Joe Biden said in June. Apple CEO Cook's anxiety about the future may be a result of whether anyone's still listening.

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DIY Pipe Shelves: Stylish, Affordable and Ultra-Easy to Build

DIY Pipe Shelves: Stylish, Affordable and Ultra-Easy to Build

This story is part of Home Tips, CNET's collection of practical advice for getting the most out of your home, inside and out.

Large custom-made shelving can be extremely expensive, especially if you hire a carpenter to make bespoke units that fit your space. But by using pipes you can create a storage system that fits perfectly into any space and doesn't require expert fitting or years of DIY skills to put together. By using commonly available screw-fit pipes and precut timber boards, you can easily make shelves any size you want or fit them into awkward positions, often at a lower cost than commissioning custom-built units. 

You can create floor-standing shelves or wall-mounted shelves, shelves that reach up to your ceiling, or shelves that stretch the whole of your wall, turning that lovely spare room into a beautiful library. 

The great thing is, it's not even that difficult to do. The pipework screws together and the wooden boards sit on top, so there's very little to go wrong. I'm a total novice with DIY -- I've managed to change a lightbulb, but I've never tackled anything like this -- and when I bought my first home, I knew that a big shelving system was exactly what I needed. 

Here, then, is my guide on how to build your own custom DIY pipe shelves. (For more, check out how to make custom poster hangers for just $1 and organization ideas for smaller spaces.) 

Read more: Best Office Chairs for 2022

Why do you need custom shelves? 

I'm a professional photographer and product reviewer for CNET. That means I have a lot of equipment. Like, a lot of equipment. I work from home and needed my office space to function as a photography studio, so I needed a storage solution that was also an easy-access workspace. 

A custom-designed shelving system let me create something that fully suited my needs. But it's not just photographers who'd need it; these shelves would make for a wonderful library wall, or for displaying lots of collectibles. The industrial look can work great in your bedroom, an office or running along the wall of your living room, proudly displaying photos of your family, lovely plants and your collection of Friends VHS tapes from the '90s that you can't bear to get rid of. 

This is what counted as a shelving "plan" for me.

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

How to design your shelves

Take a look at your space and really consider what it is you need from your shelves. For me, I needed lots of room for storage, but I also needed a clutter-free workspace. So I wanted to keep the floor clear by maximizing the vertical storage space, building my shelves high and taking advantage of my 13-foot ceilings. 

I wanted to incorporate my desk, so I sketched a design that would go around it, with room for my computer tower to fit snugly beneath. With five tiers, each stretching over 8 feet in length, I'd have enough room for all my photography equipment and plenty of space for whatever products I'm testing, leaving the rest of the room free to work in.

Consider how your shelves can fit in your space -- perhaps there's a sloping roof and you can build your shelves to fit beneath the slope. Or maybe fit your shelves in the alcoves either side of a chimney breast. My advice is to sketch out some ideas, no matter how roughly, and see what you think will work best in the space you have. The modular nature of pipe shelves means it's not difficult to fit them in even the most awkward spaces. 

The empty wall offered a lot of space to fill with the custom shelving. I have a lot of stuff to store.

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

Think as well about how many tiers of shelves you'll need. If it's fitting in a small space, can you really squeeze four tiers in, or will three layers give you more room between each shelf to store taller objects? If it's for a bookshelf, find your tallest book and make sure you're leaving enough space for it to slide in. 

Read more: Best Standing Desks of 2022

Measuring and buying shelf components

Once you've settled on your design, it's time to measure up. Your specific measurements will depend entirely on the space and the number of shelves you want. For me, I wanted five levels, going up to about 10 feet in height. That meant I needed gaps of roughly two feet between each shelf. 

I say "roughly" as my design allowed for some errors, at least on the vertical measurements. I knew there'd be at least two feet of space above the top shelf, so an inch or two difference when measuring upward didn't matter. That's good, as when I measured the pipes between the shelves, I neglected to include the T-shaped connectors. There were five of these on each vertical support, which added about six inches to the total height. 

Some of the pipework and fittings.

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

If I were building the shelves to fit perfectly between the floor and the ceiling, then my shelves wouldn't have fit. As it was, they simply reached slightly higher than planned, which wasn't a problem. As long as each of your vertical supports are the same height, that's what matters. If you're measuring for a specific space then make sure you find out exactly how much length your connectors will add so you know the exact height of your shelves when assembled. 

Your retailer should be able to help with this. Most big hardware stores will likely sell pipework and fittings that will be suitable, but an increasing number of specialist plumbing companies sell pipes specifically for building furniture. These have often been given an aged look -- or other more visually appealing aesthetic -- that will look great. 

My shelves would stand on the floor but I also mounted them against the wall. For each upright support, I required five longer pipes (the pipes standing vertically between each level), five shorter pipes (connecting between the wall and the vertical pipes, the length being two inches longer than the wooden boards I'd ordered). I then needed five T-shaped connectors and six wall plates (five to attach to the wall, one to act as a 'foot' for the pipes to stand on the floor). 

The shelves attach to the wall using these iron 'feet'. Because there are 20 of these, the weight is spread across the whole wall, rather than putting too much weight on a single mounting point.

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

I had four uprights, so ordered four lots of all of the above. Each pipe had been screw threaded to allow it to simply screw into the fittings. I used 3/4-inch steel pipe, which provides more than enough strength to support the shelves. My retailer also provided reclaimed oak timber in various forms so I also ordered that, cut to size, treated and scorched to give a beautiful aesthetic. Oak can be quite expensive however, and you can get similar results with pine or even plywood. Check with your local lumber yard and see what they can offer. 

Building DIY pipe shelves

Once your components have arrived it's time to get building. Start by making a cup of tea and putting on a good playlist. Then make sure your work area is clear and you've got the space you need to build and install. 

I started by connecting the pipework to build each upright support. It took some doing and I ended up having to put a lot more effort into screwing everything together than I imagined. Once done, I stood the vertical pipe on the floor and leaned it against the wall in the position it would be, using a spirit level to check it was in line both vertically and horizontally. I marked the position of the screw holes using a pen and then laid the pipe back down. Repeat for all four upright supports. 

As I installed each vertical strut, I used a spirit level to check it was exactly vertical and used a temporary 'shelf' (in this case, a roll of paper) to allow me to check that the real shelves would also be perfectly level. 

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

I used a stud and wire detector at each of the marks I'd make to check if it was safe to drill and then used a 7mm masonry drill bit and a hammer drill to drill around an inch deep. I then hammered in wall plugs to help further secure the screws. Some didn't go quite deep enough so I used wire cutters to trim them down. 

When I finished drilling the holes, I held the pipes back up and shimmied them into the perfect position before screwing them into place using screws I'd already checked had wide enough heads to properly secure the mounting plates (the first lot I bought simply passed straight through the holes so would not be suitable). 

I was nervous about whether my old walls would support the weight (my house was built in the 1860s) but it was the floor that would take most of the weight, with the rest being spread across 20 mounting plates on the wall. The more mounting points I used across the shelves, the more that weight would be spread out and easier for the wall to hold. A year on, they've not collapsed. 

I used a multi-function stud, wire and pipe detector to make sure that wherever I drilled was safe and wouldn't cause any harm to either myself or my house. If you're in any doubt about safety, consult an expert.

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

Once the upright metalwork was in place I laid a roll of paper across and used a spirit level to check that it was completely level. The bubble sat in the middle, so I was all good. Then it was simply a case of sliding the timber boards onto the horizontal supports. The oak boards were almost 2 inches thick, so they're extremely heavy, but there's no flex in them so I wasn't concerned about them bending when I put things on them. 

I secured them in place using simple metal brackets that wrapped around the pipes they sat on and screwed underneath the wood. Finally, I loaded up the shelves with my photography gear and took a step back to admire my work. 

These gorgeous oak boards are actually reclaimed from old planks used by a scaffolding firm. They'd been stripped and aesthetically charred, and although cheaper wood is available, the overall look was exactly what I wanted. 

Andrew Hoyle/CNET

Would I build these shelves again? 

I was pleased with how straightforward the building process was once I had my plans in place. Having never done anything like this before, I was nervous about getting the measurements wrong or, even worse, managing to collapse the whole wall in the period property I'd just bought. Mercifully, everything seemed to work out pretty well and the shelves have been extremely useful so far. 

That said, with a total bill of materials somewhere around the $1,000 mark, it wasn't a cheap process and with zero experience with projects like this, things could easily have gone wrong and that money would have been wasted. While getting a similar custom-designed shelving system installed by professional carpenters would have likely been a lot more expensive (potentially several times over), those risks would be much lower. 

I'd absolutely do a similar build again though, even if it's just creating a single shelf or two in my bathroom or some small bookshelves for the bedroom. It's a straightforward process and the pride at having created from scratch a genuinely useful addition into the home is well worth the effort.

For more organization tips, check out the best way to organize a fridge and how to declutter your closet. 

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Hyundai's Fuel Cell Trailer Drone is the future of trucking, minus the trucks

Hyundai's Fuel Cell Trailer Drone is the future of trucking, minus the trucks

Perhaps the most radical hydrogen-powered concepts to come out of the Hyundai Motor Group's Hydrogen Wave forum this week are this Trailer Drone concept and the modular Fuel Cell e-Bogie concept that it sits upon. Together, these vehicles imagine that zero-emissions hydrogen fuel cells and autonomous driving tech will combine to change the way we think of trucking and logistics -- and it all starts with ditching most of the truck itself.

The e-Bogie takes its name and inspiration from bogies, the two-axle subframes that a train car rides atop at either end. More "shipping robot" than truck, the e-Bogie is essentially an autonomous electric chassis powered by a hydrogen fuel cell. The e-Bogie can pull off impressive maneuvers like turning in place and diagonal "crab walk" driving thanks to its four-wheel independent steering. Its beefy, low-profile design allows it to carry a small shipping container or other load.

Hyundai's e-Bogies can be operated independently or combined to make larger Trailer Drones.

Hyundai

Things get interesting when multiple e-Bogies work together in Cluster Mode. Place a pair of e-Bogies on a full-size semi trailer, one at each end, and you have what Hyundai calls a Trailer Drone -- an autonomous trailer that can pilot itself around shipping yards, on highways and even in urban centers. Thanks to the dual independent steering at both ends, Hyundai envisions that large trailers can be expertly navigated around tight bends and small roundabouts with ease. 

With four-wheel steering at both ends, the Trailer Drone concept can navigate surprisingly tight situations.

Hyundai

Mechanically, either e-Bogie can be the front or rear of the Trailer Drone, but the trailer itself houses some of the sensors to aid in highway autonomous driving, with the front and trailing panels aiding high-speed aerodynamics. Additionally, Hyundai imagines that these drones will be able to platoon on the highway, clustered close together for even better aerodynamics and long-haul efficiency. Hyundai estimates these vehicles as being capable of over 621 miles (1,000 km) per H2 fill-up. Upon arrival, the trailer can autonomously unload itself by lifting onto deployable legs and letting the underlying e-Bogies just drive away. They can even split into three smaller containers, each able to be carried by an independent e-Bogie to its final destination.

Outfit an e-Bogie with emergency service gear and you have the hydrogen-powered, autonomous Rescue Drone concept.

Hyundai

The e-Bogie vehicle platform could even be useful outside of shipping and logistics. Hyundai also showcased a Rescue Drone concept that outfits a single Fuel Cell e-Bogie with emergency service equipment. The concept could be deployed autonomously into dangerous firefighting or disaster relief situations or remotely operated by responders monitoring the video feed of an aerial drone charged and stored atop the Rescue Drone platform. Hyundai says there's even room between the drone's wheels for an internal compartment where more equipment or a pair of stretchers for evacuating injured persons could be located.

It's not immediately clear how close to production these vehicles are. These fuel-cell-based e-Bogie concepts are just one example of the Hyundai Motor Group's Vision 2040 goal of popularizing hydrogen as the renewable fuel of the future, a move that the South Korean company's home government is particularly keen on supporting. As part of its Hydrogen Wave forum this week, Hyundai also debuted a pair of hydrogen-powered heavy-duty service vehicles and the Vision FK concept, a fuel-cell plug-in hybrid sports car.

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Best Buy 3-Day Sale: Last Day to Save on Microsoft, Samsung, Fitbit and More (Update: Expired)

Best Buy 3-Day Sale: Last Day to Save on Microsoft, Samsung, Fitbit and More (Update: Expired)

Update, April 11, 2022: This sale has ended. The earlier version of the story appears below.

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Today is the final day of Best Buy's three day sale, so it's your last chance to shop markdowns on popular favorites like the Surface Laptop 4, Surface Pro 8 tablet and Fitbit fitness trackers, among others. If you're looking to upgrade your tech, now is a great time. Best Buy has deals on tablets, smart TVs, laptops, headphones and more. You can shop the entire sale below. Just be sure to get all your orders in before tonight as all of these offers officially expire Sunday, April 10 at 9:59 p.m. PT (12:59 a.m. ET).

If you're looking for the right PC to keep you productive at home or on the go, you'll find plenty of tempting offers, with up to $350 off select Windows laptops. But if you don't know where to start, don't worry. We've gone through the sale to highlight some of the best deals currently available. Whether you're upgrading your home entertainment space, grabbing a new fitness tracker or are simply browsing for the best deals, check out a few of our favorite offers below. 

Microsoft

This slim, sleek laptop features a 15-inch PixelSense touchscreen built for Windows Ink so you can use split screen for multitasking and write notes directly on your computer. Stream movies, game with friends and jump on video calls with ease. It features HD video and Studio Mics to make sure your calls are clear. Plus, the speakers support Dolby Atmos audio, providing an immersive, cinematic experience. 

The Surface Laptop 4 comes with a free upgrade to Windows 11, and the AMD Ryzen processor delivers more speed as well, making the Surface 4 up to 70% faster than previous models. It also has a 256GB solid-state drive and 8GB of memory, which is enough to power all your everyday computing tasks and handle basic entertainment needs. And with fast charging, the battery can charge up to 80% in about an hour.

Read our Surface Laptop 4 review.

LG

Movies, sports and more will look sharp and lifelike with this 4K Ultra HD NanoCell display. Featuring a Game Optimizer, FilmMaker Mode, TV Sound Mode Share, voice assistance and more, this TV has everything you need to upgrade your entertainment space to do it all.

screenshot/Microsoft

Get the power of a laptop with the flexibility of a tablet. The Surface Pro 8 features a kickstand, a 13-inch PixelSense Flow touchscreen, dual front-facing speakers with Dolby Atmos, dual far-field Studio Mics, dual HD cameras and more, so that you can game, stream movies and shows and video chat with no hassle. Additionally, it comes with a built-in Surface Slim Pen 2 -- so you can create like a pro no matter where you are. It also gets up to 16 hours of battery life so that you can stay connected all day.

Read our Surface Pro 8 review.

Sarah Tew/CNET

This two-in-one laptop features a 13-inch OLED touchscreen with 1,920x1,080-pixel resolution and durable edge-to-edge Corning Gorilla Glass that shrugs off scratches. It also comes with a 512GB SSD and 8GB of RAM, making multitasking and saving your projects a breeze. This model comes with Windows 11, powered by an Intel Core processor and Iris Xe graphics. With this laptop, you'll be able to do everyday tasks with speed and efficiency, as well as stream, create and more.

David Carnoy/CNET

Sleek and stylish, Beats are one of the most popular headphone brands on the market. And fortunately, these Studio 3 over-ear headphones offer plenty of substance along with their flashy looks. They're equipped with Apple's W1 chip, which means they pair seamlessly with Apple devices and are compatible with Siri voice assistant. They feature active noise-canceling capabilities which can be toggled off to help preserve battery, extending it to an impressive 40 hours in low-power mode. They also calibrate your audio in real time for a premium listening experience.

Read our Beats Studio3 Wireless review.

Lexy Savvides/CNET

The Sense is the most advanced Fitbit to date. It's packed with tons of great tools to help monitor your heart health, stress management, skin temperature and even features a built-in ECG function. It's also equipped with a built-in GPS for hikes, bikes and driving and it's compatible with both Alexa and Google Assistant news updates, bedtime reminders and alarms. On a full charge, it has a battery life of up to six days, and you can get enough charge for a full day in just 12 minutes.

Read our Fitbit Sense review.

Insignia

There's a good reason why air fryers are so popular recently. They're fast, convenient and much healthier than traditional frying. And with deals like this, they're affordable too. This midsize Insignia fryer is great for both quick snacks and full meals with a 5 quart basket and a digital control panel with preset food programs. It has a maximum temperature of 400 degrees (F) and the dishwasher-safe basket and pan make clean-up a breeze.

More great offers from Best Buy's three-day sale:

This story was originally published earlier and has been updated to note that the sale is almost over.

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Snapchat unveils scripted original shows and docuseries

Snapchat unveils scripted original shows and docuseries

Snapchat, which has struggled to keep its daily active users, is trying to entice teens to spend more time on the app with the release of new original shows. 

On Wednesday, the ephemeral-messaging app unveiled a list of 12 exclusive scripted shows and docuseries that will make their debut this fall. 

As video grows more popular, social media sites such as Snapchat and Facebook are offering people another reason to stick around. But they're also competing with Amazon, Netflix and Hulu. 

Partnering on the shows with publishers such as Bunim/Murray Productions, the Duplass Brothers' DBP Donut and Brad Weston's Makeready, Snapchat has a fall lineup that includes coming-of-age dramas, horror, romantic comedy and other genres. 

One reality show called Endless Summer that premieres on Wednesday features social media stars Summer Mckeen and Dylan Jordan as they navigate their love life in Laguna Beach, California. Another show, Class of Lies, is about two college roommates and best friends who try to figure out why their best friend vanished without a trace. 

These shows, which typically run for 5 minutes, will air a new episode daily. Snapchat also said it's introducing new augmented reality features so users can interact with a show's characters or react to scenes. 

Tech Enabled: CNET chronicles tech's role in providing new kinds of accessibility. 

CNET Magazine: Check out a sample of the stories in CNET's newsstand edition.

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Oppo's fanciest phone yet may get a 'microscope' macro camera, leaker says

Oppo's fanciest phone yet may get a 'microscope' macro camera, leaker says

After Oppo announced the imminent arrival of its next-gen Find X flagship line in early December, new leaks are shedding more light on what the Chinese company's fanciest phone could look like when it's launched early next year.

According a Twitter post this week by noted leaker Evan Blass, Oppo will launch a trio of phones as part of the Find X3 (unofficial name) line. The highest-end phone, likely named the Find X3 Pro, will get a 6.7-inch screen with a dynamic frame rate that maxes out at 120Hz, Blass says, as well as a 4,500-mAh dual cell battery that'll support 65W wired charging and wireless charging of up to 30W.

Read more:  Find X2 Pro review: A solid ultra-premium Android phone not made by Samsung

But perhaps the most interesting part of the Blass' leak pertains to the device's camera module. The Find X3 Pro is expected to sport four rear cameras made up of a 13-megapixel telephoto shooter, and two 50-megapixel lenses for standard and ultra-wide shots that will both use Sony's IMX 766 sensor. A 3-megapixel macro camera armed with 25x zoom and a ring of lights will likely be the standout camera feature that Blass is expecting Oppo to showcase in Oppo's marketing campaigns. Other features leaked by Blass include the Find X3 Pro's weight of 190 grams.

Earlier this month, Oppo announced that its upcoming flagship line (which it stopped short of naming) will pack Qualcomm's brand new Snapdragon 888 chipset when it launches in the first quarter of 2021. The Find X3 series is the follow-up to the lauded Find X2 family launched internationally in the first quarter of this year for well over $1,000.

Read more: Not just Huawei: Your guide to China's biggest and best smartphone makers set on world domination

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Netflix's Answer to X-Men Is Just as Good as Marvel

Netflix's Answer to X-Men Is Just as Good as Marvel

One of Netflix's biggest shows is heading into its third season, and it mostly reaffirms its status as one of the best superhero series out there. Even though The Umbrella Academy, focused on a family of superheroes with unconventional powers, didn't find its stride until season 2, it's now come into its own as a vibrant, self-aware time travel blast.

While season 3 is more of a mixed bag, it still provides the nutty superhero antics that make The Umbrella Academy a joy. It drops in just a dash of gore -- nothing like what you see in The Boys, but these moments are still surprisingly bloody -- as well as entertaining music video-esque needle drops set to Backstreet Boys or covers of Billie Eilish. The sense of fun and the polished visuals help make The Umbrella Academy a more than above-average superhero show.

Meet (three members of) The Sparrow Academy.

Netflix

The Hargreeves siblings, aka the superpowered members of The Umbrella Academy, are once again concerned with preventing the apocalypse (this is the third time they've had to save the world). The season begins with the adoptive siblings discovering the timeline has changed since they returned from an unintentional trip to the past and The Umbrella Academy no longer exists. Instead, they've been replaced by the superior Sparrow Academy, a team of snarky, aggressive and functional siblings who don't appreciate having rivals.

The hallucination-inducing spit of one of these superheroes leads to possibly the best musical sequence in the entire series. Other highlights include a touch of character growth for Luther Hargreeves (Tom Hopper), who levels up from being the reliable comic relief to actually influencing the Umbrellas' plans to save the universe -- a mysterious, matter destroying ball of orange energy adds another spanner to the works. Ben (Justin H. Min), no longer a ghost, also has more to work with, reimagined as the most spiteful member of the Sparrows.

Luther (Tom Hopper) and Viktor (Elliot Page).

Christos Kalohoridis/Netflix

Usually, The Umbrella Academy carefully balances the goofier superhero mishaps with a concern for exploring important issues. This season, it takes the time to address Vanya's choice to transition into Viktor (played by Elliot Page), including sensitive conversations between Viktor and his siblings. These are touching, smartly-handled moments that feel beautiful and unique in a superhero show.

But then we zip back to lighter material, from family bickering over breakfast to the immortal Klaus (Robert Sheehan) practicing dying over and over again. The differing tones can be jarring at times.

Much of the action is confined to the Umbrella Academy's manor -- now replaced by the Sparrow Academy -- and the Obsidian Hotel, the new temporary home of the Umbrellas. After the rich, historical issues rooted in season 2's 1960s Dallas setting, the present timeline comes off light on material, the 10 episodes feeling stretched.

The Sparrows make entertaining antagonists, although a clear villain such as season 2's nefarious The Handler (Kate Walsh) seems lacking to provide a narrative focus. A lull sets in around the midpoint, although we do see characters like Viktor and Allison (Emmy Raver-Lampman) develop into interesting, unexpected places.

The main time travel element is the Grandfather Paradox, which leads to ample spicy complications. It's welcome to see the starkly different siblings interact under the same roof for greater periods, unlike season 2's disparate, albeit meatier, storylines.

Plus, in the end, there's one thing The Umbrella Academy nails every single time: the barnstorming superhero climax. The final episodes strap you back in for the bonkers, end-of-universe showdown. And don't worry, a requisite tantalizing cliffhanger sets up the future.

While it loses its way in the middle, season 3 of The Umbrella Academy still brims with everything that makes its gung-ho superhero madhouse a winner. Among the stacked ranks of superhero show rivals, it still manages to hold its own.

Season 3 of The Umbrella Academy is out on Netflix now.

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These Galaxy S22 Ultra camera features mean better pictures of your dog

These Galaxy S22 Ultra camera features mean better pictures of your dog

The Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra's appealing display and sneaky hidden S-Pen stylus is exciting, but as a professional photographer, it's the camera setup I'm most keen to dive into. 

The S22 Ultra, launched at today's Unpacked event alongside the Galaxy S22, S22 Plus and Galaxy Tab S8, is already starting from a good place. Its predecessor, the S21 Ultra, had a superb camera, and much of it hardware carries over: The main camera still has a 108-megapixel resolution, the ultra-wide camera is 12-megapixels, there's a 10-megapixel lens offering 3x optical zoom and an additional 10-megapixel periscope lens offering 10x optical zoom. It's an almost identical setup to the S21 Ultra, but Samsung uses this as a foundation for changes that largely affect the software side. 

Read more: The Galaxy S22 Ultra fails to excite this pro photographer. And that's a problem

The bad news is that if you were hoping for some photography revolution, like the rumored 200-megapixel sensor or continuous zoom, then you'll be disappointed. Let's dive into what has and hasn't changed.

Improved low light and AI

The main driving force behind Samsung's promised boosts in low-light photos is something called "pixel binning" in which multiple pixels combine to form a larger pixel that's capable of capturing more light. In the S22 Ultra's case, 9 individual pixels combine to create a single pixel in a process called "nona binning." But the image also uses details captured by the 108-megapixel camera to create a shot that's bright, vibrant and free of image noise, but still packed with detail. At least, that's the idea. 

We're looking forward to seeing how well the phone copes in dark situations like this.

Samsung

Samsung also says it's improved the AI processing of images, especially night shots, to further reduce image noise and improve the overall quality. Whether these software tweaks make a noticeable difference in night-mode shots remains to be seen, but the phone will have to work hard to compete with the night mode shots from the iPhone 13 Pro and Pixel 6 Pro. 

Read more: Samsung's Galaxy S22 vs. iPhone 13 and Galaxy S22 vs. Pixel 6 Pro

Better portrait blur, now with added doggos

Portrait mode photos with artfully out-of-focus backgrounds aren't new, but they've been getting steadily better over the past few years, yielding more natural-looking results. Samsung reckons its most recent algorithm updates can pick out even a single strand of hair from its background, ensuring your subject stays entirely in focus, with a natural blurred background (called "bokeh") around them. 

The phone will apparently be able to do this even with complicated backgrounds. Samsung showed one demo involving a girl standing in front of what looked like a fishing net, and the blurring around her looked spot-on. 

Once you've captured the perfect dog photo you can use the S-Pen to draw all over it like the monster you are.

Samsung

But more excitingly still is that it apparently will work just as well with portrait photos of dogs and maybe other pets too. Whether it can really identify every hair around a poofy Pomeranian very much remains to be seen, but anything that encourages more photos of beautiful golden retrievers gets the seal of approval from me. 

Improved video quality

Like its predecessor, the S22 Ultra can shoot videos at up to 8K resolution from its main rear camera and at 240 frames per second at full HD for cool slow-mo videos. And while we aren't getting any more great leaps in resolution, high speed or video zooming here, there are some "behind the scenes" tweaks Samsung has made to improve video quality generally. 

The AI algorithms have apparently been boosted across the board, resulting in better HDR video footage, balancing those bright skies and those shadowy areas for a more even-looking shot overall. The AI also promises better auto focus and lower noise, particularly at night. 

Samsung promises better-looking low light in video, too.

Samsung

Videos can now be shot using an automatic, variable frame rate, which will change depending on conditions and could help reduce that annoying flicker you can get when shooting under artificial lighting. A higher frame rate can also help achieve smoother footage when filming fast-moving objects, such as cars whizzing past at a motor race. 

The downside is that variable frame rates can be very difficult for video editing applications like Adobe Premiere to handle, so if you plan on shooting and editing your footage this might be a function to avoid. 

Samsung's also added an auto-framing option for video, whereby the camera will automatically zoom in and out when you're filming people to capture everyone in the scene. It can detect up to 10 individual faces, and tapping on one person's face will allow the camera to automatically zoom in and track them in the scene. 

I can't think of a lot of occasions where this function would be all that useful to me, but that might just be because I've not been around more than three people at once since the end of 2019. 

Expert Raw sounds like it could offer great images. But why does it need to be a separate app?

Samsung

Expert Raw for better pro shots

Samsung is introducing a dedicated pro photography app -- called Expert Raw -- which will allow for manual control over settings like shutter speed, ISO and white balance, while also allowing for capturing images in 16-bit DNG raw format. Raw images typically allow for much more control over editing in apps like Adobe Lightroom, while also capturing more details in bright highlights and dark shadows than JPEG images are usually able to. Exactly how this will differ from its existing "Pro" mode, which also gives control over those settings and lets you shoot in DNG raw, remains to be seen.

Samsung also mentioned in its briefing that Expert Raw will also allow for "high dynamic range pictures in multiframe raw format" -- potentially meaning it will be able to combine different exposures into one HDR image with better dynamic range, yet still produce a DNG raw file that offers the flexibility of raw editing. This sounds very much like computational raw photography and it's exactly what Apple did with the introduction of ProRaw on the iPhone 12 Pro. 

However, it's not clear at the time of writing if this definitely is computational raw, or if it's just regular raw files that may allow you to pull back a bit more highlight detail. I've reached out to Samsung for clarification and will update this article when we hear more. If it is then that could be an exciting step forward for the phone's photographic capabilities, but it's baffling why this is only something you can apparently only do in a dedicated Expert Raw app that requires downloading from Samsung's Galaxy Store, rather than directly from the main camera, as you can do with the iPhone. 

For more, check out how Samsung's new Galaxy phones compare, what to know about nightography and what the Galaxy S22 means for the Galaxy Note series. Looking to buy one of the new handsets? Take a look at CNET's guide to Galaxy S22 preorders. 

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Intel launches Arc GPU brand, first 'Alchemist' products coming early 2022

Intel launches Arc GPU brand, first 'Alchemist' products coming early 2022

Intel's long-awaited discrete graphics targeting gaming and content creation finally gets christened Monday with a family name, Intel Arc -- a play on the concept of a story arc and architecture. Formerly known as "DG2," and based on the HPG variant of the company's latest generation of its GPU designs, the first chips based on its Intel Xe HPG architecture bear the new codename "Alchemist." Intel plans to release more details by this end of the year and to begin shipping Alchemist products by the end of March 2022. Subsequent generations also get codenames as well: Battlemage, Celestial and Druid.   

I waited years for Intel discrete graphics and all I got was this lousy t-shirt. (Just kidding. I didn't get a t-shirt.) This is the back.

Intel

We know little from the announcement other than those tidbits and that it will support all Windows DirectX 12 Ultimate features, and incorporate ray-tracing acceleration and AI-based supersampling for antialiasing (optimal edge smoothing). At this point, those three are essentials to compete for gaming dollars. Intel offers a video of some of the features in action, though it's not particularly informative.

The desktop and console discrete GPU market, which some might consider a duopoly, will be a hard nut to crack after all these years. Nvidia dominates on the PC, with AMD occupying a sliver of PCs and owning the graphics in major consoles such as the Xbox Series X and Series S, PS5 and more. Simply delivering competitive performance may not be enough.

But Intel's dominance in desktop and laptop CPUs and chipsets may give it a leg up if Intel can play better with its own CPUs' integrated graphics than Nvidia -- especially when it comes to on-the-fly switching between the two for optimal power consumption and maximizing bandwidth between the central and graphics processing subsystems -- as AMD does with its own processors.

Given the current state of the GPU market and shortages of many types of chips that's expected to last at least through the end of 2021 -- it's still nearly impossible to buy a graphics card for your PC and impossible to get one at a realistic price -- it makes sense for Intel to not try to rush it out for this year. 

But it doesn't want to be left out of the fun until then. So it's offering logo t-shirts (though the kind of designs companies create for employees to wear to tradeshows, not for fans)... that won't ship until Sept. 3 at the earliest.

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