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Europe's Space Agency Prepares to Solve 5 Mysteries of Jupiter

Europe's Space Agency Prepares to Solve 5 Mysteries of Jupiter

Home to a tangerine storm larger than Earth, owner of peachy winds so frigid you'd probably freeze on impact, and collector of 79 separate moons, Jupiter is something of a spectacle. Even its enormity is barely comprehensible. Take every planet in our solar system, slap their masses together, multiply that by two and you get a chunk about the size of it. 

Who knows what could be going on over there. I mean, really.

Which is why, in April 2023, the European Space Agency plans on sending a space probe to join NASA's Juno orbiter in studying the Jovian lifestyle. It's called Juice, or the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. "Juice will make detailed observations of the giant gas planet and its three large ocean-bearing moons -- Ganymede, Callisto and Europa -- with a suite of remote sensing, geophysical and in situ instruments," ESA said in the mission's overview. 

And on Monday, the agency also laid out five specific mysteries it wants to tackle once Juice gets to its destination at this mammoth of a planet in, hopefully, 2031.

ESA's first major question is the obvious one you might've guessed from Juice's full name: What's going on with Ganymede, Callisto and Europa? 

In short, these three moons are at the forefront of the agency's endeavor because they're all suspected to have some sort of water on, or under, their surfaces. Europa, in particular, is projected by astrobiologists to have a hefty amount of H2O and, well, water equals the potential for alien life, which leads us to another of Juice's queries.

Has there ever been life on any of Jupiter's moons -- or, I guess, on Jupiter? In truth, probably not on the latter, because there's neither land nor water on this planet. There's only gas and atmospheric water vapor. Basically, if you tried to stand on Jupiter, you'd just fall in until you were crushed by the planet's immense gravity concentrated toward the center. That's if you could make it that far.

But returning to Europa, an icy world very much with solid ground, scientists currently have this region at the top of their lists of places we might find evidence of extraterrestrial life. In fact, NASA is building a spacecraft dedicated to scanning Europa for such remnants. It's called the Clipper, and it's quite impressive.

Jupiter, center, and its moon Europa, left, are seen through the James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument 2.12 micron filter. 

NASA, ESA, CSA, and B. Holler and J. Stansberry (STScI)

Next, turning to Ganymede, another of ESA's wonders is: Why is Ganymede the only moon in our solar system with its own magnetic field? This one's pretty odd. Ganymede's magnetic field is so strong, in fact, that it even gives rise to auroras in its atmosphere, similar to the way Earth's magnetic field produces the northern lights when electrons get caught within.

Ganymede in the shadow of Jupiter, with its aurorae glowing.

NASA, ESA

But for some unknown reason, the rest of its moon community can't relate to its magnetic ventures. It's an outsider that way. "Juice's tour of Jupiter will include multiple flybys of these ocean-bearing moons, before culminating in orbit insertion around Ganymede -- the first time a spacecraft will have orbited a moon in the outer Solar System," ESA said. 

Further, getting a little more general, ESA also wants to know if, and how, Jupiter's complex space environment shaped the trajectory or conditions of its moons. With 79 individual satellites orbiting it, this Jovian world basically holds its own solar system -- if Jupiter were the sun, that is.

And finally, the fifth and final box ESA hopes to tick while dissecting Jupiter is how such colossal balls of gas come into existence in the first place. Though colored with hues on the cooler end of the spectrum, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn are also wispy cradles of zippy molecules floating around our solar system. What would give rise to these extreme mini-universes?

If all goes well, by the 2030s, we may have some answers.

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Europe's Space Agency Prepares to Solve 5 Mysteries of Jupiter

Europe's Space Agency Prepares to Solve 5 Mysteries of Jupiter

Home to a tangerine storm larger than Earth, owner of peachy winds so frigid you'd probably freeze on impact, and collector of 79 separate moons, Jupiter is something of a spectacle. Even its enormity is barely comprehensible. Take every planet in our solar system, slap their masses together, multiply that by two and you get a chunk about the size of it. 

Who knows what could be going on over there. I mean, really.

Which is why, in April 2023, the European Space Agency plans on sending a space probe to join NASA's Juno orbiter in studying the Jovian lifestyle. It's called Juice, or the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer. "Juice will make detailed observations of the giant gas planet and its three large ocean-bearing moons -- Ganymede, Callisto and Europa -- with a suite of remote sensing, geophysical and in situ instruments," ESA said in the mission's overview. 

And on Monday, the agency also laid out five specific mysteries it wants to tackle once Juice gets to its destination at this mammoth of a planet in, hopefully, 2031.

ESA's first major question is the obvious one you might've guessed from Juice's full name: What's going on with Ganymede, Callisto and Europa? 

In short, these three moons are at the forefront of the agency's endeavor because they're all suspected to have some sort of water on, or under, their surfaces. Europa, in particular, is projected by astrobiologists to have a hefty amount of H2O and, well, water equals the potential for alien life, which leads us to another of Juice's queries.

Has there ever been life on any of Jupiter's moons -- or, I guess, on Jupiter? In truth, probably not on the latter, because there's neither land nor water on this planet. There's only gas and atmospheric water vapor. Basically, if you tried to stand on Jupiter, you'd just fall in until you were crushed by the planet's immense gravity concentrated toward the center. That's if you could make it that far.

But returning to Europa, an icy world very much with solid ground, scientists currently have this region at the top of their lists of places we might find evidence of extraterrestrial life. In fact, NASA is building a spacecraft dedicated to scanning Europa for such remnants. It's called the Clipper, and it's quite impressive.

Jupiter, center, and its moon Europa, left, are seen through the James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument 2.12 micron filter. 

NASA, ESA, CSA, and B. Holler and J. Stansberry (STScI)

Next, turning to Ganymede, another of ESA's wonders is: Why is Ganymede the only moon in our solar system with its own magnetic field? This one's pretty odd. Ganymede's magnetic field is so strong, in fact, that it even gives rise to auroras in its atmosphere, similar to the way Earth's magnetic field produces the northern lights when electrons get caught within.

Ganymede in the shadow of Jupiter, with its aurorae glowing.

NASA, ESA

But for some unknown reason, the rest of its moon community can't relate to its magnetic ventures. It's an outsider that way. "Juice's tour of Jupiter will include multiple flybys of these ocean-bearing moons, before culminating in orbit insertion around Ganymede -- the first time a spacecraft will have orbited a moon in the outer Solar System," ESA said. 

Further, getting a little more general, ESA also wants to know if, and how, Jupiter's complex space environment shaped the trajectory or conditions of its moons. With 79 individual satellites orbiting it, this Jovian world basically holds its own solar system -- if Jupiter were the sun, that is.

And finally, the fifth and final box ESA hopes to tick while dissecting Jupiter is how such colossal balls of gas come into existence in the first place. Though colored with hues on the cooler end of the spectrum, Uranus, Neptune and Saturn are also wispy cradles of zippy molecules floating around our solar system. What would give rise to these extreme mini-universes?

If all goes well, by the 2030s, we may have some answers.

---

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'Remarkable': Webb Space Telescope Details Jupiter's Auroras, Rings, Moons

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'Remarkable': Webb Space Telescope Details Jupiter's Auroras, Rings, Moons

Talk about glamour shots. On Monday, NASA released two fresh views of gas giant planet Jupiter as captured by the James Webb Space Telescope.

"We hadn't really expected it to be this good, to be honest," planetary astronomer Imke de Pater, who helped lead the Jupiter observations, said in a NASA statement. "It's really remarkable that we can see details on Jupiter together with its rings, tiny satellites, and even galaxies in one image."

JWST -- a joint project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Canadian Space Agency -- used its Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) on July 27 to capture the images. The camera's infrared light has been been translated in a way that highlights the planet's storms, auroras, rings and moons. 

Jupiter's famous oval-shaped Great Red Spot storm looks bright and white in the new images, like a glowing, cosmic egg embedded in the planet's swirling atmosphere. NASA said the bleached color in these images is due to how the storm and clouds reflect sunlight.

This view of Jupiter is packed with details.

NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; image processing by Judy Schmidt

Then, look at the annotated image to get your bearings. Amalthea and Adrastea -- just two of the planet's dozens of known moons -- are very small. Jupiter's faint rings are particularly notable since it isn't often thought of as a ringed planet, unlike its showier solar system companion Saturn.

An annotated version points out moons, rings and aurora locations.

NASA, ESA, CSA, Jupiter ERS Team; image processing by Ricardo Hueso (UPV/EHU) and Judy Schmidt

Fuzzy spots in the background are likely galaxies, which shows just how keen JWST's vision is. 

Image processor Judy Schmidt worked with the data to produce the extraordinary new images. Schmidt specializes in telescope data and works to translate what the observatories see into images that capture the human eye and imagination.

"I try to get it to look natural, even if it's not anything close to what your eye can see," Schmidt said in NASA's statement.

The new images are a leap forward from (still spectacular) views of Jupiter as seen by Webb earlier in the year. The next-generation observatory is just getting warmed up. It shows how broad its science playground will be, from distant galaxies to our very own solar system.

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Hubble Spies Celestial Cloudscape That's Pretty as a Painting

Hubble Spies Celestial Cloudscape That's Pretty as a Painting

I'm wowed by the early results from the James Webb Space Telescope, but my Hubble Space Telescope fandom hasn't waned one bit. Case in point: Hubble delivered a view of the area around Herbig-Haro object HH 505 in the Orion Nebula. It's an image awash in color and curves, like an intense, abstract watercolor painting. The European Space Agency described it as a "celestial cloudscape."

Here's the full image. Hubble peered at the Orion Nebula and saw this gorgeous wash of gas and dust around Herbig-Haro object HH 505.

ESA/Hubble & NASA, J. Bally; CC BY 4.0 Acknowledgement: M. H. Özsaraç

ESA said in a statement Friday, "Herbig-Haro objects are luminous regions surrounding newborn stars, and are formed when stellar winds or jets of gas spewing from these newborn stars form shockwaves colliding with nearby gas and dust at high speeds."  

HH 505 gets its look thanks to a star called IX Ori that hangs out at the far reaches of the Orion Nebula about 1,000 light-years from us. The star's outflows appear as curving structures at the top and bottom of the full image. 

Hubble's views of the Orion Nebula -- an active stellar nursery -- highlight the work of young stars and how they impact their space neighborhoods. The telescope is a joint project of NASA and the European Space Agency.

If you like this picture of HH 505, then be sure to check out NASA's visualization video from 2018 that flies you into the nebula using a combination of Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescope observations. 

Though Webb is the shiny new thing, it's not meant as a replacement for Hubble, which has remarkably been in service for over 30 years. The two telescopes have different specialties and will both contribute to a growing understanding of the universe.

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